Case Study in Kejajar Sub-District Wonosobo Regency
By : Heru Setiawan
INTRODUCTION
Kejajar Sub District, Wonosobo Regency is
one of subdistrict that is located close to the Dieng plateau in the region of
Mount Sindoro cleft. Population growth in Kejajar District is high and caused
increasing needs of life. To accomplish the necessities of life, people rely on
agriculture with the main commodities potatoes and cabbage. The high rate of
land conversion from forest to agriculture is conducted continuously has led to
a critical condition in some areas. The impact of a disaster is landslides and
flash floods in 2011 that resulted in fatalities. Kejajar subdistrict is
located in the upper districts Serayu River plays an important role as a
provider of water to flow into the downstream region for the benefit of
agricultural, industrial, and residential as well as a custodian for the
ecological balance of life support systems.
To control the environmental degradation
problems getting worse and prevent the occurrence of disasters in the future,
there should be an evaluation of land use, an evaluation of the physical
environment and socio-economic culture, and the need for evaluation of
government policy About Regional Spatial Planning in the Kejajar. Given this
evaluation of existing landuse conditions are expected to support the community
life of the population living around it. The things that become a strategic
factor in supporting the stability of the patterns of life from water
management, soil fertility, and yield crop stability, improving the quality of
micro-climate, and natural protection against destructive factors.
This
paper aims to analyze the conditions of landuse in the Kejajar premises
connected degradation conditions. Analysis on labor absorption by optimizing
the utilization of landuse and analysis of land use planning in accordance with
the rules of the soil and water conservation.
KEJAJAR SUB DISTRICT
Kejajar
that is located on the north side of the Wonosobo Regency located about 17 km
from the Wonosobo district capital. Located at an altitude of 1360 s / d 2302
ASL with an average air temperature 14 ° - 23 ° C make this area very suitable
for the development of horticultural crops and plantations. Kejajar commodity
farmers are potato, cabbage and tobacco.
Kejajar
peope in terms of economic have higher incomes than other districts because of
the potential of vegetable crops are abundant. Apart from vegetables, most
people working in industry and tourism sector. From the industrial sector, in
part the work as labor on tea company managed by PT. Tambi located in the
village of Tambi. On the tourism sector, Kejajar has some tourism objects, but
only a few that stand out are the attractions of Dieng Plateau with Lake Color
object, the object of the site of ancient temple, tea
plantations and agro-tourism in the volcano crater (volcano), which always give
off fumes of sulfur.
LANDUSE CONDITION
Based
on the results of data processing of the land cover map of Indonesia can be
seen that most of the region dominated by moor with an area of 3,565.435
hectares, then the bush area of 2,347.128 hectares, an area of 588 681 ha
of plantation, rice fields covering an area of 6014 hectares, an area of
417 818 ha grassland, forest 321 301 ha area, residential area of 209 273
ha, 19 895 ha of water area, building area of 1934 ha and 1759 ha area of
marsh.
Kejajar
area that serves as the upstream catchment area to keep rain water so as not to
direct a flow of surface and headed downstream, but were detained temporarily
and some water can be absorbed into the ground water reserves that provide
substantial benefits to the ecology and ecosystem . The larger land-clearing
activities and the transfer function of conservation land to non-conservation
crop production areas will encourage increased number / volume of runoff that
drove from upstream to downstream direction. It also impacted on the reduction
of ground water reserves in the region and also affecting soil fertility
decline, because the top layer of soil erosion on land that has been lost
through runoff. Land degradation will impact directly on the decline in
production volume and quality of crops grown on it.
Base
on the composition of the existing landuse, forest area is only 4.3% of the
total district area. This of course is not ideal as water catchment areas.
Forests have an important ecological function such as hydrology as a store of
genetic resources as a regulator of fertility of the soil and climate as well
as storage (sinks) of carbon. Watershed is an area traversed by the flow
surface, and serves to reduce the flow of water through it by way of
absorption. Watersheds are very useful in improving soil fertility, increased
soil water reserves, and reduce the risk of erosion and flooding. It role is
vital in maintaining environmental quality and maintain the ecological function
in it.High rates of deforestation in Kejajar allegedly
caused by potato farmers seeking new land for agricultural land because no
longer fertile again. Decline in fertility is due to the use of chemicals
(drugs and inorganic fertilizer) is over-dosage or does not comply with usage
instructions. Declining soil fertility which led to their agricultural
production is also down. Finally, the forest area should be protected areas and
also a rain water catchment area (catchment area) is opened and used as farmland.
LANDUSE AND UNEMPLOYMENT
One of the social problems
faced by society is the lack of awareness Kejajar District residents will be
education. This is reflected in the low level of public education. From the
data issued by the Central Bureau of Statistic Kejajar, many people are just
uneducated Kejajar District elementary school (SD). This is because the Junior
High School (Junior) is still limited (not because of the number but because of
long distances to get to school from the village). In addition due to the
limited junior, people who do not proceed to junior secondary school very much
because most of them prefer to work or go to boarding school, in addition there
is also not proceed due to financial limitations. But for the last few years started
to grow the community that is able to continue their education up to college
level. As the continuing impact is high unemployment in the Kejajar. To reduce
pressure on land, other sectors need to be developed outside the agricultural
sector or the agricultural sector development based on soil and water
conservation. By looking at the condition of the existing landuse, there are
few alternatives berbasic landuse activities that can be developed in this area
are:
A. Development
of livestock sector
With the natural ambient
temperature conditions of cold and altitude relative place, the Kejajar very
suitable to be developed as a commercial dairy farm, with the main form of
cow's milk. Another benefit that can be developed is the manufacture of organic
fertilizer that can be used by residents to reduce dependence on artificial
fertilizers used by the public to the farm. In addition to the development of
organic fertilizers, other sectors of the energy sector which was developed
with the use of livestock manure into biogas. Development of the livestock
sector and its products can be performed using ikutannya cooperative
institutions. With the form of cooperative institutions, then the gains will be
returned to the community. From a variety of business development can attract
major employment for local residents so as to reduce unemployment.
B. Development
of tourism sector
As we know that the Kejajar
landscape with Sindoro Sumbing mountain background very good to developed the
tourism sector. Some well-known tourist attraction is the Dieng Plateau tourist
attraction with the object Color Lake, the site of ancient temples object
Dynasty dynasty, tea plantations and agro-tourism in the volcano crater
(volcano), which is always belching fumes of sulfur. To attract more labor from
the tourist sector, the development of tourism sector becomes more professional
is to offer tour packages to travel agencies. Community involvement in the
management of tourism is one of the breakthroughs that are worth a try.
Community involvement in tourism management will increase the sense of
community ownership of tourism so that the threat of damage to tourism can be
minimized. With the community involvement of the management of the tourist area
of Dieng will be more labor can be absorbed.
C. Development
of the agribusiness sector
The people develop the
potatoes and cabbage as the mainstay commodity. By looking at the landscape,
the development of other sectors komonditi feasible for the trial of the
strawberry farm development. With professional management and investors by
bringing in this area can serve as a center of strawberry and can be developed
as well as agro-based tourism industry. With this expansion is expected that
more workers absorbed from this sector.
LAND DEGRADATION
Forest damage caused by
forest conversion to agriculture is very adversely affected the ecological
balance of the region. Conversion of land in the Kejajar has caused severe land
degradation. Land which is above the critical threshold of tolerance occurs
everywhere due to the utilization of forest land to agriculture. Based on data
from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) concerned with ARUPA Dieng, there
are currently over 3,000 ha in potato plants that are in Wonosobo Dieng is a
critical area. Critical land in Dieng Plateau is still able to produce because
of the potato plants stimulated by chemical fertilizers and manure in large
doses. This suggests that the actual fertility rate is very low. Critical land
conditions as indicated by low levels of soil fertility, indicating high
environmental damage in the protected area Dieng plateau.
Degradation of land caused by the loss of
nutrients and organic matter in the root zone contributed to the decline of
land productivity. Excessive loss of one or more nutrients from the root zone
caused the decline in soil fertility. Land could no longer provide sufficient
nutrients and balanced to support normal plant growth, so the soil becomes very
low productivity. One of the loss of nutrients from the roots is through erosion.
According Kartasapoetra (2005), erosion may also be referred to the erosion, actually a washout process by the pressures of land or water power
and wind, which took place either naturally or as a result of human actions or
deeds.
Potato cropping pattern made public
kejajar with monoculture farming techniques are not exactly the direction of
the line slope and a very intensive tillage is conducted in the District are
thinking about Kejajar with high rainfall are all factors that greatly aggravate
erosion. As said by Arsyad, (1989) that in the wet tropical climates, airlah
which is the main cause of soil erosion, while the wind did not have a
significant effect. The process of erosion by water is a combination of two sub
processes, namely the destruction of soil structure into the primary grain by
grain mash of energy that hit the rain soaking the ground and standing water
(dispersion process) and transfer (transport) grains of the soil by rain splash
and destruction of soil structure followed by the transport of grains of soil
by water flowing on the surface of the soil.
LAND
IMPROVEMENT EFFORTS
Efforts to improve land
condition can be done with soil and water conservation techniques with vegetative and mechanical civil technique. Soil conservation through
mechanical is not so popular among farmers because the cost is relatively
expensive and not very effectively applied to the farmers. Soil conservation
techniques are more acceptable to farmer is a vegetative soil conservation
techniques. Vegetative soil conservation techniques can be done with the
cropping system and agroforestry systems. Mixed cropping system is
done by planting two or more crops in the same area of land. One example
application is the mixed cultivation between coffee and vegetables (potatoes, red peppers, tomatoes) in the first
few years or during the coffee plant has not been produced. If the
coffee-growing vegetables can be successfully and widely received by farmers,
in 5-10 years will provide a significant impact on the economy of society,
without compromising environmental sustainability. Another alternative is a
proportional system of food crops (maize) and vegetables with annual crops
(coffee). On land that has continued to widen, the proportion of annual plants
must be greater than food crops, and vice versa. For the agroforestry system
can be use sengon as a forest plant and vegetables (potatoes, red peppers and
tomatoes). Thickness of the canopy, plant sengon have a mild level of thickness
so that the sun can still get in through an opening canopy with high intensity.
By considering the social
and physical conditions of the Kejajar, a priority program of land improvement
can be done with the following activities: carrying out farming activities in
accordance with the principle of conservation is to create a system of contour
terracing and crop management to control erosion, by planting between crops
intercropped with annual crops, the government and the community and
stakeholders implement continuous improvement activities and integrated region,
through the provision of rehabilitation projects either vegetative or
mechanical means, carrying out dissemination activities and learning about
environmental understanding in the community through institutions that exist in
society, providing an alternative to commodity / crop cultivation replacement
of commodities that are not environmentally friendly with environment-friendly
commodities and increase the participation of the community through active
involvement and oversight of implementation to the monitoring and evaluation by
all stakeholders in accordance with the role and function respectively.
To evaluate the land
use in the Kejajar, the first thing to do is producing a slope map . This slope
map will be used as a basis for determining priorities in accordance with the
land use designation. Gradients were separated into three levels, namely the
gradients of 0% to 15% (sedimentation zone), the slope of 15% to 40%
(Transported zone) and the slope is more than 40% which is the recharge area
(recharge area). From the existing data can be seen that the slope of 15% to
40% dominate the region with an area totaling 3752.98 hectares or 50.18% of the
total area. The next level of more than 40% slope with a total area of
2057.20 hectares or 27.51% and the lowest area of the slope 0% to 15% with
an area of 1669.04 hectares or 22.32%.
SPATIAL POLICY
Spatial
policy is a form of spatial patterns of space utilization, both planned and
unplanned, which exist naturally. There are three basic types of emphasis in
the spatial structure, namely: based on the primary function area, which
includes the protection, and the function of cultivation; based on the administrative
aspect, which includes the National Spatial Region, Province, Regency / City,
District and the City Region; based on the aspects of activities, namely urban
areas, rural areas, certain areas (tourism, and the like).
As
discussed in previous chapters that the condition of land in the Kejajar
dominated by the high level slopes (more than 40%). In accordance with Law No
41 of 1999 on forestry which states that the land with the slope more than 40%
were categorized as protected forest (catchment area). To assess the
suitability of land Kejajar District land suitability analysis is then performed
by using software that is with mengoverlay ArchGIS 9.3 degree slope with a map
of land use maps. From the analysis of stacking tmpang map can be seen that from
the total area of 7497.22 Ha Kejajar District, covering an area of 4538.59
hectares or 60.68% as much as is in conformity with the land use designation,
while an area of 2940.63 hectares or 39.32% area is area of land that is
not as intended. land suitability map can be seen in the figure below.
By seeing the Kejajar
topography, land use direction in accordance with conservation principles, the
criteria established under SK. Mentan No.837 / KPTS / II / UM / 8/1981, namely:
to have gradients of> 40% and altitude> 2000 m above the surface the sea
and has a land feasibility score> 175 with a combination of criteria rain
intensity, slope, altitude and soil type. Some land use type on the research location are:
A. Protected
forest
The protected area is a
forest area that has a distinctive character that serves to protect the
surrounding area or the subordinates as watersheds, flood prevention and
erosion and maintain soil fertility. These protected areas are areas that have
slopes of more than 40% of field or forest areas which have a height of 2000
meters above sea level or more. The problem is land with slopes above 40% level
used by many people around for a less intensive agricultural activity of an
environmentally friendly example by planting tobacco, while the area is more
focuskan to achieve environmental sustainability. This is a necessary dilakuakn
to overcome this problem is the culture change that is directed pasa
utilization of natural resources that are environmentally friendly, improving
the quality of human resources including forest communities, perhutani, local
governments and other stakeholders to involve community leaders and religious
figures in the cultural community.
B. Catchment
area
Forest is one area that has
the function as the primary source of groundwater formation. Groundwater
recharge area is formed with the aim to provide enough space for rain water
infiltration on groundwater recharge area for ground water supply needs and
flood control. Seen in general, the District has Kejajar rivers that disgorge
at the top of the mountain. This area is an effective area for rain water
catchment which is expected to fill the Earth's water (aquifers) are very
useful for water resources.
C. Border
area of the river
The river is the border
region along the right-left bank. The goal is to protect the river from human
activities that can disrupt and damage the water quality, physical condition
and the edge of the river and watershed protection.
D. Cultivation
Area Plan
Cultivated area in the
spatial plan covers the Sindoro cleft, plantation, agriculture, mining,
housing, tourism.
By using a simple analysis of the direction of subsequent land use maps prepared by observing the following rules:
A. In
the upper stream area (> 40%) intended to use as a recharge area (recharge
area) with the use of land as forest conservation and limited production
forest.
B. At
the regional level amid a slope of 15% to 40% is a zone Transported to the use
of land used as agricultural land is limited, and plantations.
C. At
the bottom (lower stream) with a slope of less than 15% is used as an intensive
agricultural areas and settlements.
Land use planning maps that have been made to
know the composition of land use suitability in Kejajar comprises the conservation
area 2057.20 hectares or about 27.51%, for a limited
agricultural area and plantation area of 3752.98 hectares or 50.18% and for
intensive agriculture and residential areas (cultivated area) covering an area
of 1669.04 hectares or 22.32%.
CONCLUSION
1. Kejajar land use in the District with an
area dominated by moor 3565.4 Ha. Land conversion to agriculture, the use of
chemical fertilizers in large doses, decreased productivity because of loss of
nutrients from the root zone due to erosion processes into the causes of land
degradation in Sub Kejajar.
2. Alternative of landuse activities that can
be developed is the development of the dairy farm sector with the derivative products, development of tourism sector with community involvement in tourism
management and development of the agribusiness sector by bringing in investors.
3. Efforts to improve land condition can be
done with soil and water conservation techniques with soil conservation through
vegetative and mechanical civil. Analysis based on the slope map give information
that 60.68% of land use is in accordance with the allocation, while 39.32% is
not as intended.
4. Direction of land use in Kejajar is for
conservation area covering an area of 2057.20 hectares or about 27.51%, for a
limited agricultural area and plantation area of 3752.98 hectares or 50.18%
and for intensive agriculture and residential areas (cultivated area) area an
area of 1669.04 hectares or 22.32%.
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